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    • Boiler Controls & Systems

      • Feedtanks

      • Steam Injectors

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      • Sample Coolers

      • Conductivity Meters

      • Heat Recovery Systems

      • Blowdown Vessels

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    • Flowmetering

      • Spiraflo Flowmeters

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      • DIVA Flowmeters

      • Orifice Plate Flowmeters

      • Computers, Displays & Transmitters

    • Control Systems

      • Control Valves

      • Pneumatic Actuators

      • Electric Actuators

      • Positioners, Controllers & Sensors

      • Self-acting Controls

      • Pressure Reducing & Surplussing Valves

      • Safety Valves

    • Steam Traps

      • Steam Trap Performance Monitoring

      • Balanced Pressure Steam Traps

      • Bimetallic Steam Traps

      • Fixed Temperature Discharge Steam Traps

      • Ball Float Steam Traps

      • Inverted Bucket Steam Traps

      • Thermodynamic Steam Traps

      • Sealed Steam Traps

      • Swivel Connectors & Traps

      • Manifolds & Insulation Jackets

    • Condensate Pumps & Energy Recovery

      • Pressure Powered Pumps

      • Electric Pumps

      • Flash Steam Recovery Vessels

    • Pipeline Ancilliaries

      • Bellows Sealed Stop Valves

      • HV3 Stop Valves

      • Piston Valves

      • Ball Valves

      • Check Valves

      • Strainers & Filters

      • Separators & Insulation Jackets

      • Sight Glasses

      • Diffusers

      • Pressure Gauges & Temperature Gauges

      • Air Vents & Air Eliminators

      • Vacuum Breakers

      • Hosedown Stations

      • Depressurisation Valves

    • Humidification

      • Steam Injection Humidifiers

    • Compressed Air

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    • Controls & Instrumentation

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    • Audit Deliverables

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  • Applications Overview

    • Steam Generation

      • Tank Level Controls

      • Boiler Feedtank Systems

        • Vent Heads

        • Cold Water Makeup

        • Steam Injectors and Control Valves

          • Vacuum Breakers

      • Condensate Contamination Detection

      • Electrically Actuated Two Port Control Valves

        • Separators

      • Spirax Range of Flowmeters

      • Blowdown Heat Recovery Systems

      • Steam Trap Performance Monitoring

        • Steam Trap Set with Float Trap

        • Steam Trap Set with Thermodynamic Trap

      • Pipeline Strainers

      • Safety Valves

      • Vacuum Breakers

      • Boiler Level Controls and Alarms

      • TDS Control

        • Sample Coolers

      • Sample Coolers

      • Bottom Blowdown Valves and Systems

      • Blowdown Vessel

    • Steam Distribution and Utilisation

      • Spirax Range of Flowmeters

      • Pneumatic Pressure Reducing Station

      • Steam Conditioning Station

        • Steam Trap Set with Float Trap

      • Steam Main Start-up Station

      • Flowmeter Station

        • Steam Conditioning Station

          • Steam Trap Set with Float Trap

      • Branch Line Steam Trap Set

      • Direct Acting Pressure Control

      • Electrical Temperature Control

      • Pneumatic Temperature Control

        • Vacuum Breakers

      • Steam Trap Set with Float Trap

      • Safety Valves

      • Air Venting

      • Steam Main Isolation

      • Steam Main Trapping Station

      • Pilot Operated Pressure Reducing Station

        • Steam Trap Set with Float Trap

      • Self-Acting Temperature Control

        • Vacuum Breakers

    • Steam Specialisation and Condensate Handling

      • High Capacity Direct Acting Pressure Control

      • Heater Battery Steam Trapping

      • Humidification

      • Low Capacity Direct Acting Pressure Control

      • Branch Line Steam Trap Set

      • Electrical Condensate Pumping

      • Pneumatic Temperature Control

        • Steam Conditioning Station

          • Steam Trap Set with Float Trap

      • Process Heat Exchange

      • End of Main Steam Trapping and Air Venting

        • Air Venting

        • End of Main Steam Trapping

      • Flash Steam Recovery

  • Examples of Typical Solutions

    • Boiler House

      • TDS Automatic Control

        • Intermittent Monitoring - Small Boilers (Type BCS1)

        • Continuous Monitoring - Steam Generators (Type BCS2)

        • Continuous Monitoring - Steam Boilers (Type BCS3)

        • Intermittent Monitoring - Steam Boilers (Type BCS4)

        • Sample Cooler

      • Bottom Blowdown

        • Manual Blowdown - Single Boiler

        • Automatic Blowdown - Single Boiler

        • Blowdown Vessel for Multiple Boilers

      • Boiler Off-take

        • Automatic Warm Up Valve

        • Balanced Steam Header for Multiple Boilers

      • Feedtanks

        • Boiler Feedtank and Associated Control Systems

        • Boiler Feedtank with Automatic Steam Injection (Flanged)

        • Boiler Feedtank with Automatic Steam Injection (Screwed)

      • Heat Recovery

        • Heat Recovery from TDS Control Systems

      • Level Controls & Alarms

        • Modulating Boiler Level Control

    • Control

      • Pressure

        • Pilot Operated Reducing Station (Flanged)

        • Pilot Operated Reducing Station (Screwed)

        • Pilot Operated Parallel Reducing Station (Flanged)

        • Pilot Operated Parallel Reducing Station (Screwed)

        • Pilot Operated Series Reducing Station (Flanged)

        • Pilot Operated Series Reducing Station (Screwed)

        • Direct Acting Reducing Station (Flanged)

        • Direct Acting Reducing Station (Screwed)

        • Pilot Operated Pressure Maintaining Valves

        • Direct Acting, Remote Sensing, Pressure Reducing Station (Flanged)

        • Direct Acting, Remote Sensing, Pressure Reducing Station (Screwed)

        • Electropneumatic Pressure Control Station (Flanged)

        • Electropneumatic Pressure Control Station (Screwed)

        • Pneumatic Pressure Control Station (Flanged)

        • Pneumatic Pressure Control Station (Screwed)

      • Water

        • Direct Acting, Remote Sensing, Pressure Control Station (Flanged)

        • Direct Acting, Remote Sensing, Pressure Control Station (Screwed)

    • Flowmetering

      • Variable Area

        • Gilflo Meter and Flowrate Display without Density Compensation

        • Gilflo Meter and Flow Computer with Density Compensation

        • Gilflo ILVA Flowmeter with Density Compensation

        • Spiraflo Steam Meter

      • General

        • Typical Metering Station (Flanged/Screwed)

      • Orifice Plate

        • Orifice Plate Flowmeter and Flowrate Display without Density Compensation

        • Orifice Plate Flowmeter and Flow Computer with Density Compensation

    • Steam Trapping

      • Thermodynamic Steam Traps

        • Thermodynamic Steam Trap Set (Flanged)

        • Thermodynamic Steam Trap Set (Screwed)

      • Mechanical Steam Traps

        • Inverted Bucket Steam Trap Set (Flanged)

        • Inverted Bucket Steam Trap Set (Screwed)

        • Ball Float Steam Trap Set (Flanged)

        • Ball Float Steam Trap Set (Screwed)

      • Balanced Pressure Steam Traps

        • Balanced Pressure Steam Trap Set (Flanged)

        • Balanced Pressure Steam Trap Set (Screwed)

      • Bimetallic Steam Traps

        • Bimetallic Steam Trap Set (Flanged)

        • Bimetallic Steam Trap Set (Screwed)

      • Quick Fit Steam Traps

        • Quick Fit Connector Steam Trap Set (Flanged)

        • Quick Fit Connector Steam Trap Set (Screwed)

      • Steam Mains Drainage

        • Typical Steam Main Trap Set with Drain and Blowdown

      • Steam Tracing and Manifolds

        • Steam Tracing Trap Set

        • Manifolds on Critical Tracing

        • Manifolds on Non-Critical Tracing

    • Condensate & Flash Steam Recovery

      • Condensate Recovery

        • Active Drainage of Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger

        • Active Drainage of Heater Battery

        • Active Drainage of Water Tube Heat Exchanger with Winterised Pump

        • Drainage of Multi-Heater Batteries with Winterisation and Common Pumping Set

        • Sump Pumping by Automatic Pump

        • Drainage of Vacuum System to an Elevated Return Line

        • Drainage of Vacuum System to Atmosphere

        • Drainage of Low Level Condensate Outlet

        • Pumping Long Delivery Lines

        • Draining a Vacuum Line to Atmosphere

        • Plate Heat Exchanger with Steam Trap

        • Plate Heat Exchanger with Active Drainage System

        • Plate Heat Exchanger with Balancing Valve

        • Plate Heat Exchanger with Secondary Control Valve

        • Plate Heat Exchanger with Condensate Level Control

        • Active Drainage System with Separate Condensate Lines

      • Flash Steam

        • Flash Recovery from TDS Control System

        • Standard Flash Vessel Installation

        • Flash Vessel with Controlled Make-Up and Surplussing

        • Heat Exchanger with Flash Cooling and Active Drainage

      • Contamination Control

        • Condensate Contamination Detection System

    • Clean Steam

      • Generators

        • Typical Pure Steam Supply

      • Filter Stations

        • Clean Steam Filter Station with Sampling Facility

      • Pressure Reducing Stations

        • Filtered Steam for Sterilisation and Culinary use

        • Filtered Steam Supply to Autoclave

        • Pure Steam Pressure Regulation

      • Steam Trapping Stations

        • Process Vessel 'Block and Bleed' System

        • Sterilisation of Process Lines with Drain Legs

        • Typical Drainage before Isolating Valve

        • Typical Sterilisation of Jacketed Pan and Product Line

    • Process

      • Heat Exchangers

        • Electropneumatic Control System for Vertical Heat Exchanger (Flanged)

        • Electropneumatic Control System for Vertical Heat Exchanger (Screwed)

        • Electric Control System for Non-Storage Heat Exchanger (Flanged)

        • Electric Control System for Non-Storage Heat Exchanger (Screwed)

        • Active Drainage of Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger

        • Active Drainage of Water Tube Heat Exchanger with Winterised Pump

        • Heat Exchanger with Flash Cooling and Active Drainage

        • Plate Heat Exchanger with Steam Trap

        • Plate Heat Exchanger with Active Drainage System

        • Plate Heat Exchanger with Balancing Valve

        • Plate Heat Exchanger with Secondary Control Valve

        • Plate Heat Exchanger with Condensate Level Control

        • Active Drainage System with Separate Condensate Lines

      • Air Heater Batteries

        • Self-Acting Air Heater Battery Control System

        • Air Heater Batteries - Multi-Unit Installation

      • Tanks and Vats

        • Self-Acting Tank Heating with a Coil

        • Self-Acting Tank Heating with Steam Injection (Flanged)

        • Pilot Operated Tank Heating with a Coil (Flanged)

        • Pilot Operated Tank Heating with a Coil (Screwed)

        • Pilot Operated Tank Heating with Steam Injection (Flanged)

        • Pilot Operated Tank Heating with Steam Injection (Screwed)

      • Jacketed Pans

        • Jacketed Pan Assembly

      • Presses

        • Garment Presses

        • Multi-Platen Press

      • Storage Calorifiers

        • Direct Acting Control System for Storage Calorifier (Flanged)

        • Direct Acting Control System for Storage Calorifier (Screwed)

  • Industries

    • Brewing & Distilling

      • Case Studies

      • Products

      • Applications

    • Hospitals

      • Case Studies

      • Products

      • Applications

    • Oil & Petrochemical

      • Case Studies

      • Products

    • Packaged Food & Beverages

      • Case Studies

      • Products

      • Applications

    • Pharmaceutical

      • Case Studies

      • Products

      • Applications

    • Pulp, Paper & Board

      • Case Studies

      • Products

      • Applications

    • Sugar Refining

      • Case Studies

      • Products

      • Applications

  • Case Studies

    • Automotive

    • Brewing & Distilling

    • Building Services

    • Chemicals, Plastics & Synthetic Fibres

    • Electronics

    • Energy

    • Horticulture

      • Case Study Article

    • Hospitals

    • Oil & Petrochemical

    • Packaged Food & Beverages

    • Pharmaceutical

    • Pulp, Paper & Board

    • Shipbuilding

    • Sugar Refining

• Training

• Resources

  • The Steam and Condensate Loop Book

  • Steam Engineering Tutorials

    • Introduction

      • Steam - The Energy Fluid

      • Steam and the Organisation

      • The Steam and Condensate Loop

    • Steam Engineering Principles and Heat Transfer

      • Engineering Units

      • What is Steam?

      • Superheated Steam

      • Steam Quality

      • Heat Transfer

      • Methods of Estimating Steam Consumption

      • Measurement of Steam Consumption

      • Thermal Rating

      • Energy Consumption of Tanks and Vats

      • Heating with Coils and Jackets

      • Heating Vats and Tanks by Steam Injection

      • Steam Consumption of Pipes and Air Heaters

      • Steam Consumption of Heat Exchangers

      • Steam Consumption of Plant Items

      • Entropy - A Basic Understanding

      • Entropy - Its Practical Use

    • The Boiler House

      • Introduction

      • Shell Boilers

      • Water-tube Boilers

      • Miscellaneous Boiler Types, Economisers and Superheaters

      • Boiler Ratings

      • Boiler Efficiency and Combustion

      • Boiler Fittings and Mountings

      • Steam Headers and Off-takes

      • Water Treatment, Storage and Blowdown for Steam Boilers

      • Water for the Boiler

      • The Feedtank and Feedwater Conditioning

      • Controlling TDS in the Boiler Water

      • Heat Recovery from Boiler Blowdown (TDS control only)

      • Bottom Blowdown

      • Water Levels in Steam Boilers

      • Methods of Detecting Water Level in Steam Boilers

      • Automatic Level Control Systems

      • Water Level Alarms

      • Installation of Level Controls

      • Testing Requirements in the Boiler House

      • Pressurised Deaerators

      • Steam Accumulators

    • Flowmetering

      • Fluids and Flow

      • Principles of Flowmetering

      • Types of Steam Flowmeter

      • Instrumentation

      • Installation

    • Basic Control Theory

      • An Introduction to Controls

      • Basic Control Theory

      • Control Loops and Dynamics

      • Choice and Selection of Controls

      • Installation and Commissioning of Controls

      • Computers in Control

    • Control Hardware: Electric/Pneumatic Actuation

      • Control Valves

      • Control Valve Capacity

      • Control Valve Sizing for Water Systems

      • Control Valve Sizing for Steam Systems

      • Control Valve Characteristics

      • Control Valve Actuators and Positioners

      • Controllers and Sensors

    • Control Hardware: Self-acting Actuation

      • Self-acting Temperature Controls

      • Typical Self-acting Temperature Control Valves and Systems

      • Self-acting Pressure Controls and Applications

    • Control Applications

      • Pressure Control Applications

      • Temperature Control for Steam Applications

      • Level and Flow Control Applications

      • Control Installations

    • Safety Valves

      • Introduction to Safety Valves

      • Types of Safety Valve

      • Safety Valve Selection

      • Safety Valve Sizing

      • Safety Valve Installation

      • Alternative Plant Protection Devices and Terminology

    • Steam Distribution

      • Introduction to Steam Distribution

      • Pipes and Pipe Sizing

      • Steam Mains and Drainage

      • Pipe Expansion and Support

      • Air Venting, Heat Losses and a Summary of Various Pipe Related Standards

    • Steam Traps and Steam Trapping

      • Introduction - Why Steam Traps?

      • Thermostatic Steam Traps

      • Mechanical Steam Traps

      • Thermodynamic Steam Traps

      • Considerations for Selecting Steam Traps

      • Selecting Steam Traps - Canteen Equipment; Oil Transfer/Storage; Hospital Equipment

      • Selecting Steam Traps - Industrial Dryers

      • Selecting Steam Traps - Laundries, Presses

      • Selecting Steam Traps - Process Equipment

      • Selecting Steam Traps - Space Heating Equipment

      • Selecting Steam Traps - Steam Mains; Tanks and Vats; Pressure Reducing Valves

      • Air Venting Theory

      • Air Venting Applications

      • Testing and Maintenance of Steam Traps

      • Energy Losses in Steam Traps

    • Pipeline Ancillaries

      • Isolation Valves - Linear Movement

      • Isolation Valves - Rotary Movement

      • Check Valves

      • Strainers

      • Separators

      • Gauges, Sight Glasses, Vacuum Breakers

    • Condensate Removal

      • Heat Exchangers and Stall

      • The Heat Load, Heat Exchanger and Steam Load Relationship

      • Oversized Heat Exchangers

      • Example: Selecting the Trap

      • The Stall Chart - Constant Flow Secondary - Varying Inlet Temperature - Constant Outlet Temperature

      • The Stall Chart - Varying Flow Secondary - Constant Inlet Temperature - Constant Outlet Temperature

      • The Stall Chart - Constant Flow Secondary - Constant Inlet Temperature - Varying Outlet Temperature

      • Practical Methods of Preventing Stall

    • Condensate Recovery

      • Introduction to Condensate Recovery

      • Layout of Condensate Return Lines

      • Sizing Condensate Return Lines

      • Pumping Condensate from Vented Receivers

      • Lifting Condensate and Contaminated Condensate

      • Flash Steam

    • Desuperheating

      • Basic Desuperheating Theory

      • Basic Desuperheater Types

      • Other Types of Desuperheater

      • Typical Installations

    • Equations

      • Equations

  • CAD Library

    • Product Drawings

      • Boiler Controls & Systems

        • Feedtanks

        • Steam Injectors

        • Level Controls

        • TDS Blowdown Controls

        • Conductivity Sensors

        • Sample Coolers

        • Conductivity Meters

        • Heat Recovery Systems

        • Blowdown Vessels

        • Vent Heads

        • Bottom Blowdown Systems

      • Flowmetering

        • Spiraflo Flowmeters

        • Gilflo Flowmeters

        • DIVA Flowmeters

        • Orifice Plate Flowmeters

        • Computers, Displays & Transmitters

      • Control Systems

        • Control Valves

        • Pneumatic Actuators

        • Electric Actuators

        • Positioners, Controllers & Sensors

        • Self-acting Control Valves

        • Self-acting Actuators & Sensors

        • Pilot Operated Valves

        • Direct-acting Valves

        • Safety Valves

      • Steam Traps

        • Steam Trap Performance Monitoring

        • Balanced Pressure Steam Traps

        • Bimetallic Steam Traps

        • Fixed Temperature Discharge Steam Traps

        • Ball Float Steam Traps

        • Inverted Bucket Steam Traps

        • Thermodynamic Steam Traps

        • Sealed Steam Traps

        • Swivel Connectors & Traps

        • Manifolds

      • Condensate Pumps & Energy Recovery

        • Mechanical Pumps & Pump Traps

        • Electric Pumps

        • Flash Steam Recovery Vessels

      • Pipeline Ancillaries

        • Bellows Sealed Stop Valves

        • HV3 Stop Valves

        • Piston Valves

        • Ball Valves

        • Check Valves

        • Strainers & Filters

        • Separators

        • Sight Glasses

        • Diffusers

        • Pressure Gauges & Temperature Gauges

        • Air Vents & Air Eliminators

        • Vacuum Breakers

        • Hosedown Stations

        • Depressurisation Valves

      • Humidification

        • Steam Injection Humidifiers

      • Compressed Air

        • Filters

        • Regulators

        • Lubricators

        • Filter/Regulators

        • Isolators, Drain Traps & Ancillaries

      • Packaged Systems

        • Heat Exchangers

    • Application Drawings

      • Boiler House

        • TDS Automatic Control

        • Bottom Blowdown

        • Boiler Off-take

        • Feedtanks

        • Heat Recovery

        • Level Controls & Alarms

      • Control

        • Temperature

        • Pressure

        • Flow

      • Flowmetering

        • Variable Area

        • General

        • Orifice Plate

      • Steam Trapping

        • Steam Mains Drainage

        • Steam Tracing & Manifolds

      • Condensate & Flash Steam Recovery

        • Condensate Recovery

        • Flash Steam

        • Contamination Control

      • Clean Steam

        • Generators

        • Filter Stations

        • Pressure Reducing Stations

        • Steam Trapping Stations

      • Process

        • Heat Exchangers

        • Air Heater Batteries

        • Tanks & Vats

        • Jacketed Pans

        • Presses

        • Accumulators

        • De-superheaters

        • Storage Calorifiers

      • Industries

        • Brewing

        • Dairy

        • Heating, Venting & Air Conditioning (HVAC)

        • Hospitals

        • Laundries

        • Packaged Food & Beverages

        • Pulp & Paper

        • Rubber & Tyres

        • Textiles & Natural Fibres

    • CASSIO Offline Drawings

      • CASSIO Downloads

    • Frequently Asked Questions

  • Steam Tables

    • Sub Saturated Water Region

    • Saturated Water Line

    • Wet Steam Region

    • Dry Saturated Steam Line

    • Superheated Steam Region

  • Calculators

    • Valves

      • Sizing for Water

      • Sizing for Dry Saturated Steam

    • Pipes

      • Steam

        • Sizing New Pipes

        • Checking Existing Pipes

        • Start Up & Running Losses

      • Condensate

        • Single Discharge Line

        • Two Discharge Lines

        • Three Discharge Lines

        • Pumped Return Lines

    • Tanks & Vats

      • Vertical Cylinder Tank

      • Rectangular Tank

      • Dished End Horizontal Cylinder Tank

    • Flash Steam

      • Saturated Condensate

      • Sub-cooled Condensate

    • Orifice

      • Orifice Diameter to Flow Coefficient

      • Flow Coefficient to Orifice Diameter

    • Steam Flow & Heat Rate

      • Steam Flow Rate to Heat Rating

      • Heat Rating to Steam Flow Rate

    • Water Mixing

    • Preferences

  • Unit Converter

  • Software

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